Central Pennsylvania's journey
from enslavement to freedom

The Year of Jubilee: Men of God, available here

June 29, 1863: Confederate General Albert G. Jenkins reconnoiters through Shiremanstown to Slate Hill and eastward, to a vantage point on Lisburn Road, from where he is able to see and study the defenses of Harrisburg. He sends his report to General Ewell, in Carlisle, who reviews it early that afternoon and subsequently orders General Robert E. Rodes to attack and capture Harrisburg with his division on Tuesday the thirtieth. Just hours later, however, with news of a rapidly advancing Union army, Robert E. Lee would pull his troops back from the gates of Harrisburg, to concentrate in Gettysburg.

June 30, 1863: At 10 am, Union troops push forward from their fortified positions on Hummel Hill and encounter rear-guard troops of Jenkins' Sixteenth Virginia Cavalry near Sporting Hill. A skirmish develops into a full-scale battle, eventually involving support fire from Union and Confederate artillery. The Confederates withdrew toward Carlisle, leaving sixteen dead to be buried in the fields around Sporting Hill.

July 2, 1777: Vermont becomes the first state to abolish slavery when it outlaws it in its state constitution.

July 2, 1908: Thurgood Marshall, first African American appointed to the Supreme Court, is born in Baltimore.

July 4, 1836: Plans for the organization of an Adams County Antislavery Society are laid at an Independence Day picnic at McAllister's Mill.
(More on the Adams County Anti-Slavery Efforts here)

July 9, 1893: Dr. Daniel Hale Williams sutures a wound to the pericardium of a stabbing victim, applying stringent antiseptic and sterilization measures, and becomes the first surgeon to perform successful open heart surgery.

July 11, 1905: The Niagara Movement is founded by W.E.B. DuBois to demand full equal rights for African Americans. This group was formed to oppose the views of Booker T. Washington, who advocated patience on the part of African Americans in waiting for civil rights. Among the founders of the Niagara Movement was Harrisburg attorney William Justin Carter, Sr.
(Read William Justin Carter, Sr's biography here)

July 13, 1863: Anti-draft rioters kill hundreds of African Americans in four days of violence in New York City.

July 20, 1847: A number of Harrisburg's African American residents meet in Wesley Union Church "to take into consideration the propriety of inviting W. L. Garrison and F. Douglass to pay them a visit on their route to the West." Edward Bennett, Thomas Early, and John F. Williams are appointed to draft a resolution inviting the abolitionists to visit Harrisburg.
(Read more about how Harrisburg Blacks arranged this visit here)

July 22, 1780: The first central Pennsylvania slave registrations, required by the 1780 Gradual Abolition Law, are recorded in Lancaster when store keeper Christopher Crawford, who lived in town, registered his "Negro male" Bill, aged ten years and six months, and his "Negro female" Esther, aged nineteen years and six months, with county Clerk of the Peace John Hubley.
(Crawford's registration data is here.)

July 24, 1845: Slave catcher Thomas Finnegan and his gang kidnap Kitty Payne and her three children from a home in Bendersville, Adams County. Finnegan was eventually captured, tried for kidnapping in November 1846, found guilty and sentenced to five years in Eastern Penitentiary.
(A detailed account of the Kitty Payne kidnapping is here)

July 25, 1847: Liberia declares its independence.

July 25, 1918: Beginning of four days of race riots in Chester, Pennsylvania that leave five people dead.

July 26, 1918: Beginning of four days of race riots in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that leave four people dead.